Getting more from google search

Getting more from google search

I use these three settings to get more search results, not targeted at what I may have looked at previously – you get a wider and more balanced set of results. A bigger list of organic search results on 1 page so as I bypass many of the paid ads I have more organic searches displayed. For me I find an increase to 20 is more than fast enough and saves me having to scroll many pages to make the changes simply click the cog on the right and select search settings. Select never show instant results, slide your slide scale to 20 and select do not use private results. Hopefully you will get more of what you expect and not what google wants you to see.

 

DATEDIF the Hiden Excel Function

DATEDIF the Hiden Excel Function
Your required to calculate the number of months between two dates? You’ll be needing the Hiden DATEDIF function. Try typing =DATEDIF into Excel and it will pretend it doesn’t recognise it – see how it’s not in the list of functions to the left unless you type it all in. Though a common feature used in Microsoft Access For some reason Microsoft don’t think the DATEDIF function is worthy of any documentation since Excel 2000. In fact they say they only include it in recent versions for backward compatibility. The DATEDIF function calculates the difference between two dates. DATEDIF syntax =DATEDIF(date1,date2,interval) Date1 is the start date , Date2 is the end date, Interval is the type of interval you want to calculate e.g. days, months, years. DATEDIF Interval Formats: ym = Complete calendar months between two dates as though the end date is in the same year as the start date. yd = Complete calendar days between two dates as though the end date is in the same year as the start date. y = years. Complete calendar years between two dates. md = complete calendar days between two dates as though the month and year of the end date is the same as the start date. m = months. Complete calendar months between two dates. d = days. Complete days between two dates. Let’s examine some DATEDIF examples: Note: you could achieve the same result for example 1 above with this formula: =C4-B4 Ok, so the above are some pretty basic calculations. Example 1: The number of Years since The Queen ascended the throne: =DATEDIF("6/2/1952",TODAY(),"Y") Value Returned= 61 Note: in the above formula TODAY() = 6th may 2013. The TODAY() function will return today’s date as per your computer clock. Also handy for report headers and the like. Example  2: The Queens age today (6th may 2013) in days, months and years: =DATEDIF("21/04/1926",TODAY(),"y")&" years,"&DATEDIF("21/04/1926",TODAY(),"ym") &" month(s), "&DATEDIF("21/04/1926",TODAY(),"md")&" Days" Value Returned=87 years,0 month(s), 15 Days The above formula uses the concatenation method (see Text Functions). Example 3: Calculate how long untill my next holiday. Supressing 0 values where there are no years or months returned: ="I Go On Holiday in "&IF(DATEDIF(TODAY(),"17/03/2014","y")=0,"",DATEDIF(TODAY(),"17/03/2013","y")&" years ")&IF(DATEDIF(TODAY(),"17/03/2014","ym")=0,"",DATEDIF(TODAY(),"17/03/2014","ym")&" months ")&DATEDIF(TODAY(),"17/03/2014","md")&" days" Value Returned= I Go On Holiday in 10 months 11 days the above formula will work as long as the date 17-03-14 is not exceeded We use the IF function to first evaluate whether there are any years to count, if not return nothing (as stipulated by the empty double quotes “”), and so on for months and days. Ideas for Using DATEDIF: Your age in years, months and days. Age is 51 Years, 7 Months and 5 Days And the formula ="Age is "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")&" Years, "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")&" Months and "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")&" Days" Using the layout above and changing the labels try out the ideas below. Length of service of an employee. Equipment age. Countdown to a date. DATEDIF Errors Returned If Date 1 is later than Date 2 Excel will return a #NUM error. If Date 1 or Date 2 is not a valid date you will get a #VALUE error. If the interval is not one of the above options Excel will return a #NUM error.

Excel EDATE

Excel EDATE Function Explained
To calculate due dates for projects or payments then Excel’s EDATE function will make life easier for you. Excel’s EDATE function is ideal for: calculating when a payment is due or project is to be completed calculating the date a scheduled number of months in the past or into the future Excel EDATE Function Syntax =EDATE(start_date,months) Returns the serial number of the date that is the indicated number of months before or after the start date. Calculate Date from Today 3 Months from today: =EDATE(NOW(),3) 3 Months prior to today: =EDATE(NOW(),-3) Note: if the date displays as a serial number simply change the formatting to a Date format. CTRL+1 to open formatting dialog box

The Excel Today function

The Excel Today function

 returns the current date. The function has no arguments and therefore, the syntax of the function is simply:

TODAY()

For further information: http://www.exceltraining-london.co.uk/excelFunctions/ExcelLondon/excelfunctiondictionary.html

Today Function Examples

The following spreadsheets show 2 simple examples of calls to the Today function, which were made on 6th January 2011. The first example shows the function used alone, and the second example shows the function used as a part of a formula that calculates the number of days that have passed since 31-Dec-2009.
The spreadsheet on the left shows the format of the formulas and the spreadsheet on the right shows the results.

Formulas:   A B 1   =TODAY() 2 31-Dec-2009 =TODAY() - A2

Results:   A B 1   06-Jan-2011 2 31-Dec-2009 371

Today Function Problem

The following problem is encountered by some people when using the Excel Today function:

Common Problem

When you attempt to subtract another date from the result the Today function, (as in cell B2 of the example above), the result looks like a date (eg. "16/11/1900"), instead of returning an integer.

Possible Reason

This problem arises because the new cell or column is formatted as a 'date'. In this case, it is only the formatting of the cell that is wrong, NOT the value returned by the function.
To correct this:

• Highlight the cell(s) with the wrong formatting
• Right click with the mouse
• Select the Format Cells ... option and ensure the Number tab is selected
• Under the Category heading, select the option General and click OK

Microsoft Excel DMAX Function

Microsoft Excel DMAX Function

Basic Description

The Excel Dmax function finds the maximum value in a field (column) in a database for selected records only. The records to be included in the calculation are defined by a set of one or more user-specified criteria.

The syntax of the function is :

DMAX( database, field, criteria )

where the arguments are shown in the table below:

database	-	A range of cells containing the database. The top row of the database should specify the field names.
field	-	The field (column) within the database, that you want the maximum of. This can either be a field number, or can be the field name (ie. the header in the top row of the database) encased in quotes (eg. "Area", "Quarter", etc)
criteria	-	A range of cells that contain the criteria, to specify which records should be included in the calculation. The range can include one or more criteria, which are presented as a field name in one cell and the condition for that field in the cell below. eg. Quarter Area >1 North

Wildcards

You can also use the following wildcards in text-related criteria:

?    -    matches any single character
*    -    matches any sequence of characters

if you do actually want to find the ? or * character, type the ~ symbol before this character in your search.

eg. the condition "A*e" will match all cells containing a text string beginning with "A" and ending in "e".

The criteria supplied beneath each field heading can be either:

	-	a numeric value (including an integer, decimal, date, time, or logical value) (eg. 10, 01/01/2011, FALSE)
or
	-	a text string (eg. "North", "Friday")
or
	-	an expression (eg. ">5", "<>0")

Note that the Excel database functions are not case sensitive. So, for example, the criteria ="North" will be satisfied by cells containing the text "North" or "north".

Excel Dmax Function Examples

	A	B	C	D
1	Quarter	Area	Sales Rep.	Sales
2	1	North	Jeff	$223,000
3	1	North	Chris	$125,000
4	1	South	Carol	$456,000
5	1	South	Tina	$289,000
6	2	North	Jeff	$322,000
7	2	North	Chris	$340,000
8	2	South	Carol	$198,000
9	2	South	Tina	$222,000
10	3	North	Jeff	$310,000
11	3	North	Chris	$250,000
12	3	South	Carol	$460,000
13	3	South	Tina	$395,000
14	4	North	Jeff	$261,000
15	4	North	Chris	$389,000
16	4	South	Carol	$305,000
17	4	South	Tina	$188,000

The following examples are based on the simple database on the right, which stores the sales figures for four sales representatives, over the four quarters of a year.

Example 1

If, from the example database, we wanted to find the highest sales figure in the North area, during quarter 2, we could use the Dmax function as shown below.

In the example, the criteria are specified in cells F1 - G2 and the Dmax formula is shown in cell F3:

	F	G
1	Quarter	Area
2	2	North
3	=DMAX( A1:D17, "Sales", F1:G2 )

The above Dmax function calculates the maximum of the values in cells D6 & D7, and therefore returns the value $340,000

Note that, in the above function, instead of typing in "Sales" for the field argument, we could have simply used the number 4 (to denote the 4th column of the database).

Example 2

In the example below, the Dmax function is used to find the highest quarterly sales figure for sales rep "Carol", in quarters 2, 3 or 4.

Again, the criteria are specified in cells F1 - G2 and the Dmax formula is shown in cell F3:

	F	G
1	Sales Rep.	Quarter
2	Carol	>1
3	=DMAX( A1:D17, "Sales", F1:G2 )

The above Dmax function finds the maximum of the values in cells D8, D12 and D16, and so returns the value $460,000

The Excel Dproduct function

The Excel Dproduct function

 calculates the product of a field (column) in a database for selected records, that satisfy user-specified criteria.
The syntax of the function is :

DPRODUCT( database, field, criteria )

where the arguments are shown in the table below:

database	-	A range of cells containing the database. The top row of the database should specify the field names.
field	-	The field (column) within the database, that you want to calculate the product of. This can either be a field number, or can be the field name (ie. the header in the top row of the database) encased in quotes (eg. "Date", "Type", etc)
criteria	-	A range of cells that contain the criteria, to specify which records should be included in the calculation. The range can include one or more criteria, which are presented as a field name in one cell and the condition for that field in the cell below. eg. Name Date Tom >01/01/2011

for further information see: http://www.exceltraining-london.co.uk/excelFunctions/ExcelLondon/excelfunctiondictionary.html

Wildcards
You can also use the following wildcards in text-related criteria:
?    -    matches any single character
*    -    matches any sequence of characters
if you do actually want to find the ? or * character, type the ~ symbol before this character in your search.
eg. the condition "A*e" will match all cells containing a text string beginning with "A" and ending in "e".

The criteria supplied beneath each field heading can be either:

	-	a numeric value (including an integer, decimal, date, time, or logical value) (eg. 10, 01/01/2011, FALSE)
or
	-	a text string (eg. "Text", "Monday")
or
	-	an expression (eg. ">12", "<>0")

Note that the Excel database functions are not case sensitive. So, for example, the criteria ="Tuesday" will be satisfied by cells containing the text "Tuesday" or "tuesday".

Excel Dproduct Function Examples

	A	B	C	D
1	Name	Date	Test	Score
2	Gary	01-Jan-2011	Test1	4
3	Gary	01-Jan-2011	Test2	4
4	Gary	01-Jan-2011	Test3	3
5	Gary	05-Jan-2011	Test1	3
6	Gary	05-Jan-2011	Test2	4
7	Gary	05-Jan-2011	Test3	3
8	Kev	02-Jan-2011	Test1	2
9	Kev	02-Jan-2011	Test2	3
10	Kev	02-Jan-2011	Test3	5
11	Kev	05-Jan-2011	Test1	3
12	Kev	05-Jan-2011	Test2	2
13	Kev	05-Jan-2011	Test3	5

The following examples are based on the simple database on the right, which stores the ratings, across three tests, taken by two men on different dates.

Example 1

In the example below, the Dproduct function is used to calculate the product of Gary's scores on all three tests on 05-Jan-2010. The criteria are specified in cells F1 - G2 and the Dproduct formula is shown in cell F3.

	F	G
1	Name	Date
2	Gary	05-Jan-2011
3	=DPRODUCT( A1:D13, "Score", F1:G2 )

The above Dproduct function calculates the product of the scores in cells D5, D6 & D7, and therefore returns the value 36.

The Excel PRODUCT function

The Excel PRODUCT function

 returns the product (multiplication) of a supplied set of numerical values.
The syntax of the function is :

PRODUCT( number1, [number2], ... )

where the number arguments are a set of numbers (or arrays of numbers) that you want to find the product of. These can be supplied to the function either directly, as values returned from other functions, or as references to cells containing numeric values.
In Excel 2007 or 2010, you can enter up to 255 number arguments to the Excel Product function, but in Excel 2003, the function can only accept up to 30 arguments.

for further details see: http://www.exceltraining-london.co.uk/excelFunctions/ExcelLondon/excelfunctiondictionary.html

Which Values are Included in the Excel Product Function Calculation?

Numbers and dates are always counted as numeric values by the Excel Product function. However, text representations and logical values are handled differently, depending on whether they are values stored in the cells of your spreadsheet, or they are supplied directly to the function.
The table below shows which values are included in the Excel Product Function calculation, and which values are ignored or produce errors:

	Value Within a Range of Cells	Value Supplied Directly to Function
Numbers	Included	Included
Dates	Included	Included
Logical Values	Ignored	Included (True=1; False=0)
Text Representations of Numbers & Dates	Ignored	Included
Other Text	Ignored	#VALUE! Error
Errors	Error	Error

Excel Product Function Examples

The following spreadsheet shows four different ways to input five numbers into the Excel Product function. The example illustrates how the number arguments can be input as either:

- individual numbers
- number arrays
- individual cells
- cell ranges

... or a combination of all of these.

Formulas:   A B 1 3 =PRODUCT( 3, 6, 2, 8, 5 ) 2 6 =PRODUCT( A1:A5 ) 3 2 =PRODUCT( 3, 6, 2, A4, A5 ) 4 8 =PRODUCT( {3,6}, A3:A5 ) 5 5

Results:   A B 1 3 1440 2 6 1440 3 2 1440 4 8 1440 5 5

The Excel GETPIVOTDATA function

The Excel GETPIVOTDATA function

 extracts data from an Excel Pivot Table
The format of the function is :

GETPIVOTDATA( data_field, pivot_table, [field1], [item1], [field2], [item2], ...)

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where the arguments are as follows:

data_field	-	The pivot table data field (ie. the value(s) in the center of the table) that you want to retrieve
pivot_table	-	A reference to a range of cells within a Pivot Table (used to specify the pivot table to be searched)
[field1], [item1], [field2], [item2], etc	-	Up to 126 optional pairs of fields and item names, (ie. The rows and columns headers and individual categories) for which you want the returned value. Note: The item values should be entered as follows: -    Numbers can be entered directly -    Dates should be entered as date serial numbers or by using the date function -    Times should be entered as decimals or by using the time function -    Text values should be entered in quotations

Note that, if the requested fields are not visible in the specified Pivot Table, the Getpivotdata function returns the #REF! error.
The easiest way to input the Getpivotdata function is simply to type "=" into a cell and then click on the Pivot Table value that you want to return. Excel automatically inserts the Getpivotdata function into the active cell.

Getpivotdata Function Examples

The examples below all refer to the following Pivot Table, which is located in columns A - G of the current Excel Worksheet.

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
1
2	Sum of Invoice Amount Total		Item Type
3	Date	Salesperson	Digital TV	DVD Player	Ipod	Computer	Grand Total
4	Jan	John	$68,600	$13,800	$6,840	$69,600	$158,840
5		Kevin	$64,400	$7,800	$12,780	$36,800	$121,780
6		Pete	$46,200	$2,400	$2,700	$25,600	$76,900
7	Jan Total		$179,200	$24,000	$22,320	$132,000	$357,520
8	Feb	John	$68,600	$8,400	$9,720	$52,800	$139,520
9		Kevin	$61,600	$4,500	$7,920	$43,200	$117,220
10		Pete	$29,400	$3,900	$6,300	$33,600	$73,200
11	Feb Total		$159,600	$16,800	$23,940	$129,600	$329,940
12	Mar	John	$71,400	$9,300	$7,560	$80,000	$168,260
13		Kevin	$70,000	$10,200	$13,680	$58,400	$152,280
14		Pete	$43,400	$5,400	$3,240	$40,800	$92,840
15	Mar Total		$184,800	$24,900	$24,480	$179,200	$413,380
16	Grand Total		$523,600	$65,700	$70,740	$440,800	$1,100,840
17

=GETPIVOTDATA( "Invoice Amount", $A$2, "Date", "Jan" )
- Returns the value $357,520, which is the value of the Invoice Amount Total for all of the Date field, "Jan".


=GETPIVOTDATA( "Invoice Amount", $A$2, "Date", "Feb", "Item Details", "IPod" )
- Returns the value $23,940, which is the value of the Invoice Amount Total for the Date field, "Feb" and the Item Details field, "IPod".


=GETPIVOTDATA( "Invoice Amount", $A$2, "Date", "Feb", "Item Details", "IPod", "Salesperson", "Kevin" )
- Returns the value $7,920, which is the value of the Invoice Amount Total for the Date field, "Feb", the Item Details field, "IPod", and the Salesperson field "Kevin".


=GETPIVOTDATA( "Invoice Amount", $A$2, "Item Details", "IPod", "Salesperson", "Kevin" )
- Returns the Excel #REF! error as the Pivot Table doesn't show the totals for the Salesperson "Kevin".

The Excel VLOOKUP function

The Excel VLOOKUP function

 'looks up' a given value in the left-hand column of a data array (or table), and returns the corresponding value from another column of the array.
The format of the function is:

VLOOKUP( lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup] )

where the arguments are as follows:

lookup_value	-	The value that you want to look for, in the left-hand column of the supplied data array
table_array	-	The data array or table, that you want to search the left hand column of, for the supplied lookup_value
col_index_num	-	The column number, within the supplied array, that you want the corresponding value to be returned from
[range_lookup]	-	An optional logical argument, which can be set to TRUE or FALSE, meaning : TRUE - If the function cannot find an exact match to the supplied lookup_value, it should use the closest match below the supplied value (Note: If range_lookup is set to TRUE, the left-hand column of the table_array must be in ascending order) FALSE - if the function cannot find an exact match to the supplied lookup_value, it should return an error

Vlookup Examples

Vlookup Example 1

In the spreadsheet below, columns A and B list an inventory of grocery items, and their prices, and cell E2 of the spreadsheet shows a simple example of the Vlookup function being used to look up the price of an item from the inventory.

	A	B	C	D	E
1	Item Description	Cost ($)		Current Item:	Current Item Cost ($)
2	Tinned Tomatoes	$0.90		Cornflakes	=VLOOKUP( D2, A:B, 2, FALSE )
3	Tinned Tuna	$1.50
4	Cornflakes	$3.50
5	Shortcake Biscuits	$1.00
6	Toothpaste	$4.10
7	Tinned Baked Beans	$0.99
8	White Sliced Bread	$0.80
9	. . .	.   .   .

The above Vlookup function returns the price for "Cornflakes", which is $3.50.
In this example:

-	the lookup_value is the text string "Cornflakes", which is located in cell D2
-	the table_array is columns A-B of the spreadsheet
-	the col_index_num is set to 2, to denote that the value returned should be taken from column 2 of the table_array
-	the range_lookup argument is set to FALSE, to indicate that we only want a result to be returned if an exact match to the lookup_value is found

The If Function Excel

The If Function Excel

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Here's an example of what you may find. we call this the Vulcan function for all you trekie fans "it's logic captain"

Basic Description

The Excel IF function tests a user-defined condition and returns one result if the condition is true, and another result if the condition is false.
The syntax of the function is :

IF( logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false )

where the arguments are as follows:

logical_test	-	The user-defined condition that is to be tested and evaluated as either TRUE or FALSE
value_if_true	-	The result that is to be returned from the function if the supplied logical_test evaluates to TRUE
value_if_false	-	The result that is to be returned from the function if the supplied logical_test evaluates to FALSE

Nesting the Excel If Function

The If function is frequently 'nested' in Excel. I.e. the value_if_true or the value_if_false argument is replaced with another call to the If function (see Example 3 below).
Excel 2003 allows up to 7 levels of nested If functions, but Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 allow up to 64 levels of nesting. For Example, the following formula (which has 8 levels of nesting), will result in an error in Excel 2003 but will work correctly in Excel 2007 or Excel 2010 :

=IF(A1=1,"red", IF(A1=2,"blue", IF(A1=3,"green", IF(A1=4,"brown", IF(A1=5,"purple", IF(A1=6,"orange", IF(A1=7,"yellow", IF(A1=8,"grey", IF(A1=9,"pink", "black" ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

If you do find yourself using multiple levels of nesting, you should probably consider other Excel functions that can be used to obtain the same result more succinctly. For example, the above function could be made much simpler by using the Excel Choose function.

Excel If Function Examples

If Function Example 1

The following example shows the Excel If function applied to two sets of numbers. In this example, the logical_test checks whether the corresponding value in column B is equal to 0, and the function returns :

• The text string "div by zero" if the value in column B is equal to 0

or

• The value in column A divided by the value in column B if the value in column B is not equal to zero

	A	B	C	D
1	5	4	=IF( B1=0, "div by zero", A1/B1 )	- returns the value 1.25
2	5	0	=IF( B2=0, "div by zero", A2/B2 )	- returns the text string "div by zero"

The Excel Iferror

The Excel Iferror function

 tests if an initial supplied value (or expression) returns an error, and if so, returns a second supplied argument; Otherwise the function returns the initial tested value.
The Iferror function is new to Excel 2007, so is not available in earlier versions of MS Excel
The syntax of the function is:

IFERROR( value, value_if_error )

Where the arguments are as follows :

For a full range of functions see http://www.exceltraining-london.co.uk/excelFunctions/ExcelLondon/excelfunctiondictionary.html

value	-	The initial value or expression that should be tested
value_if_error	-	Value or expression to be returned if the initial value argument returns an error.

Improvement Compared to Excel 2003

The Excel Iferror function was introduced in Excel 2007.
Previously, in Excel 2003, many users of the Excel Vlookup function would combine this with the If function and the Iserror function, to test for an error, and return an appropriate result. This is shown in the following formula:

IF( ISERROR( VLOOKUP( ... ) ), "not found", VLOOKUP( ... ) )

the above formula checks if the Vlookup function returns an error, and if so, returns the text "not found". Otherwise the value returned by the Vlookup is used.
Although this formula is long and inefficient (as it requires 2 seperate calls to the Vlookup function), it is useful because it helps to keep your spreadsheet cells tidy and free from error messages.
In Excel 2007 or 2010, the above action can be performed much more efficiently and neatly, by using the Iferror function. The new formula is written as:

IFERROR( VLOOKUP( ... ), "not found" )

This is illustrated in the example below.

Iferror Function Examples

The following spreadsheet shows two examples of the Excel Iferror function. The formulas are shown in the top spreadsheet and the results are shown in the spreadsheet below.

Formulas:   A B C 1 Beth Class 1 =IFERROR( VLOOKUP( "Jim", A1:B5, 2 FALSE ), "not found" ) 2 Bob Class 2 =IFERROR( VLOOKUP( "Mary", A1:B5, 2 FALSE ), "not found" ) 3 Alf Class 2   4 Jim Class 3   5 Ann Class 3

Results:   A B C 1 Beth Class 1 Class 3 2 Bob Class 2 not found 3 Alf Class 2   4 Jim Class 3   5 Ann Class 3

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Tabs and Tables

Tabs

Tabs allow you to create simple tables of data that line up along a particular vertical position.  You can also use advanced tab settings to create paper forms for print outs, or basic tables of contents.  Generally, these items contain dotted or solid lines for you to sign on or to indicate a page number for a topic - these lines can be generated with leader tabs.

Basic tabs with alignment

There are several different kinds of alignments with tabs we will explore some of them here:
A Left Tab stop sets the start position of text that will then run to the right as you type
A Center Tab stop sets the position of the middle of the text. The text centers on this position as you type.
A Right Tab stop sets the right end of the text. As you type, the text moves to the left.
A Decimal Tab stop aligns numbers around a decimal point. Independent of the number of digits, the decimal point will be in the same position. (You can align numbers around a decimal character only; you cannot use the decimal tab to align numbers around a different character, such as a hyphen or an ampersand symbol.)

A Bar Tab stop doesn't position text. It inserts a vertical bar at the tab position.

Default Tab stop

To change default tab stop

In the Paragraph dialog box, click Tabs

then you press the TAB key, your tab will stop across the page at the distance that you specified.
Set manual tab stops with ruler
You might want to use the ruler to set manual tab stops at the left side, middle, and right side of your document.  If you don't see the horizontal ruler that runs along the top of the document, click the Ruler check box on the View Ribbon.

You can quickly set tabs by clicking the tab selector at the left end of the ruler until it displays the type of tab that you want and then clicking the ruler at the location you want.

To use the horizontal ruler to set tab stops:

By default, there are no tab stops on the ruler when you open a new blank document.
To set indents click and drag the First Line Indent to the position on your ruler where you require the first line of your paragraph to be indented to
Click and drag the Hanging Indent marker to where you want the second and all following lines of a paragraph to begin.

When you set a Bar Tab Stop, a vertical bar line appears where you set the tab stop (you don't need to press the Tab key). A bar tab is similar to strikethrough formatting, but it runs vertically through your paragraph at the location of the bar tab stop. Like other types of tabs, you can set a bar tab stop before or after you type the text of your paragraph.


You can remove a tab stop by dragging it (up or down) off the ruler. When you release the mouse button, the tab stop disappears.

You can also drag existing tab stops left or right along the ruler to a different position.
When multiple paragraphs are selected, only the tabs from the first paragraph show on the ruler.  If you set manual tab stops, the default tab stops are interrupted by the manual tab stops that you set. Manual tab stops that are set on the ruler override the default tab stop settings.

Set manual tab stops with dialog

If you want your tab stops at precise positions that you can't get by clicking the ruler, or if you want to insert a specific character (leader) before the tab, you can use the Tabs dialog box. To display this dialog box, double-click any tab stop on the ruler.

To set manual tab stops


On the Page Layout Ribbon, click the Paragraph Dialog Box Launcher

In the Paragraph dialog box, click the Tabs button. The following dialog appears.

In the Default Tab Stops box, enter the amount of spacing that you want between the default tab stops.

When you press the Tab key, your tab will stop across the page at the distance that you specified.




·         Tab stop position ·	·         Type the position on the ruler where you want to create a new tab stop, or select an existing tab stop from the list to modify its properties.
·         Default tab stops ·	·         Specifies amount of spacing that is applied each time you press the TAB key.
·         Tab stops to be cleared ·	·         Displays tab stops that have been marked for deletion from the TAB STOP POSITION list. Cleared tabs are deleted from the list when you click OK.
·         Alignment ·	·         LEFT Sets a left start position of text that will then run to the right as you type. ·         CENTER Sets the position of the middle of the text. The text centres’ on this position as you type. ·         RIGHT Sets a right start position of text that will then run to the left as you type. ·         DECIMAL Aligns numbers around a decimal point. Independent of the number of digits, the decimal point will be in the same position. (You can align numbers around a decimal character only; you cannot use the decimal tab to align numbers around a different character, such as a hyphen or an ampersand symbol.) ·         BAR Inserts a vertical bar at the tab position. Not used for positioning text.





Figure 3 – Setting Tabs


Creating Leader Tabs


Use this feature to fill the empty space before a tab stop with dotted, dashed or solid lines. This effect is most commonly seen in a table of contents. The right aligned tab for the numbers

tab:



To create a leader from an existing tab:


On the Page Layout Ribbon, click the Paragraph dialog box launcher


In the Paragraph dialog box, click the Tabs button. The Tabs dialog appears


Select the tab stop in the Tab Stop Position: list


Choose one of the 4 Leader types


Click on the Set button to save the tab.


Click on OK to return to the document.


You can also create the Tab from scratch in the Tab dialog box


To create a new tab and assign a leader:


On the Page Layout Ribbon, click the Paragraph dialog box launcher


In the Paragraph dialog box, click the Tabs button. Type in the new tab position in the Tab Stop Position: field


Choose the Alignment and optionally choose the Leader (the default is None)


Click on the Set button to save the tab


Choose OK


The CLEAR button removes the selected tab, whilst CLEAR ALL removes all the tabs in the selected paragraph(s). Note - tabs are a paragraph format and as such will display differently when you click in different paragraphs


Tables
Tables give you the ability to lay information out in columns and rows.  An example of a table is shown below:
 
 

·         Item	·         Action
·         Word 2010 manual was discussed – deadline has now been set for end of next week.	·         AM to complete manual and give a draft copy to HB for proof reading and revisions.

Creating Tables
When a table is created, Word will make the table as wide as the current page orientation allows.  Therefore, if you know your table is going to be quite wide, you may want to switch to landscape before creating it.  Your table is made up of rows and columns.  Where the rows and columns intersect to form boxes, Word refers to those as cells.
To create a table:
Position the cursor where you want to insert the table
Click the table button on the Insert ribbon, Tables group
Do not click but move your mouse over the grid that appears, to highlight the number of columns and rows that you want your table to have. These will appear in your document and will continually adjust until you have all the rows and columns you need
Click the mouse - the table will appear in your document at the cursor position
Enter text into your table
Or
Position the cursor where you want to insert the table.
Click the Table button on the Insert ribbon, Tables group and click on Insert Table from the menu.
Under Table Size, select the number of columns and rows.
Under Autofit Behaviour, choose options to adjust table size.
If you will use this table size regularly then tick the Remember Dimensions For New Tables checkbox
Click OK - enter text into your table
You can add new rows by pressing TAB when the cursor is in the last cell if you don’t know precisely how many rows your table will need.
Table Navigation
When you are entering data into your table, you can simply click into different cells with your mouse to move your cursor around. This will allow you to enter text into different cells.
However, you may find it faster to move around using the keyboard. The table below outlines some keyboard techniques for moving in a table:

·         To	·         Press
·         Move to the next cell	·         TAB (If the insertion point is in the last cell of a table, pressing TAB adds a new row.)
·         Move to the preceding cell	·         SHIFT TAB
·         Move to the preceding or next row	·          or 
·         Move to the first cell in the row	·         ALT HOME, or ALT 7 on the numeric keypad (NUM LOCK must be off.)
·         Move to the last cell in the row	·         ALT END, or ALT 1 on the numeric keypad (NUM LOCK must be off.)
·         Move to the first cell in the column	·         ALT PAGE UP, or ALT 9 on the numeric keypad (NUM LOCK must be off.)
·         Move to the last cell in the column	·         ALT PAGE DOWN, or ALT 3 on the numeric keypad (NUM LOCK must be off.)
·         Start a new paragraph	·         ENTER
·         Add a new row at the bottom of the table	·         TAB at the end of the last row
·         Add text before a table at the beginning of a document	·         ENTER at the beginning of the first cell

Enter Data in a Table
You can enter text into each cell in your table – your text can even run to multiple lines within one cell. Working within a cell is almost like working on a very small page your text will wrap you can insert objects, set indents and numbering and the text can be formatted as usual.
To enter data in a table:
Position the cursor in the cell where you want the information, and type it in.
Press ENTER to start a new paragraph within the same cell or SHIFT ENTER to start a new line.
Or
Press TAB to move to the next cell.
Select Items in a Table
The table below outlines some methods for selecting table components:

·         To	·         Do this
·         Select a cell	·         Click the left edge of the cell.
·         Select a row	·         Click to the left of the row.
·         Select a column	·         Click the column's top gridline or border.
·         Select multiple cells, rows, or columns	·         Drag across the cell, row, or column; or select a single cell, row, or column, and then hold down SHIFT while you click another cell, row, or column.
·         Select text in the next cell	·         Press TAB
·         Select text in the previous cell	·         Press SHIFT TAB
·         Extend a selection to adjacent cells	·         Hold down SHIFT and press an arrow key repeatedly
·         Select a column	·         Click in the column's top or bottom cell. Hold down SHIFT and press  or  repeatedly
·         Extend a selection (or block)	·         CTRL SHIFT F8, and then use the arrow keys; press ESC to cancel selection mode
·         Reduce the selection size	·         SHIFT F8
·         Select an entire table	·         ALT 5 on the numeric keypad (with NUM LOCK off)

Or
You can also select rows, columns, or the entire table by clicking on the table and then using the SELECT commands from the SELECT button on the LAYOUT ribbon, TABLE group
Format Table Data
You can apply the same character and paragraph formats to table data as to standard text.
To format data in a table:
Select the data to format.
Click the buttons to apply formatting from the HOME ribbon as discussed in earlier sections
Word treats each cell in a table as a separate document.  Be sure if you have used the enter key in a cell and are applying paragraph formatting to select the appropriate paragraphs. This means that when you use alignment options for example, the data lines up between the edges of the CELL according to the selected alignment.
Change Column and Row Size
The initial width of the columns and height of your rows for your table will depend upon the page orientation and how many columns or rows you selected to insert.  The standard widths that Word applies can be easily altered.
To change column widths and row height
Ensure that nothing in your table is highlighted (click away from any highlighting to remove it)
Move the mouse over the right edge of the column whose width you want to change – the mouse pointer will change shape (see below)
Click and drag the column edge to make the column wider or narrower as required.  A vertical guide appears as soon as you start dragging allowing you to preview the new position of the column edge and its width
Or

In the Cell Size group on the layout ribbon enter the row and column sizes you wish for the selected rows
Add Rows and Columns
A new row can be added to the bottom of a table by pressing the TAB key when the cursor is in the last cell.  If you need to, you can choose where new rows and columns should be inserted or deleted from your table and add or remove them accordingly. 
To add a row or column:
Select the row above or below where you want to insert the new row left or right of where you would want a new column
Select from the Rows & Columns Group on the Layout ribbon where you would want to insert a row or column

A new column or row will appear. Repeat for more.
Remove Rows and Columns
You can delete selected rows and columns from your table if they are no longer needed.
To remove rows:
Select the cells, rows or columns that you want to delete
Select the Delete button from the Rows & Columns Group on the Layout Ribbon. Choose one of the options.
Text Alignment
Because your rows and columns may have different quantities of data in them it may be necessary to align certain textual elements to various parts of the cell. I.E. you may have a one word tile in a tall cell and wish to align it to the very centre of the cell.
To align text
Select the cell or cells you wish to align the text for.
Choose an alignment from the Alignment group on the Layout tab.
If aligning the text does not put your text where you want it you may set the cell margins as you would for a document to line up your text perfectly
Or
Select Cell Margins from the Alignment group on the Layout tab a dialog will appear.
Enter required margin sizes for selected cells.
Click OK to apply
Table Borders and Shading
When you insert a table, Word automatically borders the outline and all the gridlines within – these will appear on a print out.  You may want to change the border style and colour or even remove the borders altogether.  You can also shade in parts of your table to emphasise them.
You can decide which borders should appear in parts of the table, or in the table as a whole.
To choose the bordered edges:
Select the cell(s), row(s) or column(s) where you want to change which edges are bordered, or select the whole table.
 
Click the drop down arrow on the right of the BORDERS button on the TABLE STYLES group on the DESIGN ribbon.
From the palette that displays, click the button that displays the required option to control which edges of the selection will have borders and which will not.
Border Style
You can change the line style, thickness and colour that Word uses to border the elements that make up your table.  We do this in Word 2010 by drawing the border around the cells.
To draw border
Click within your table
Click on the DESIGN ribbon.
On the DRAW BORDERS group select a line style from the top left box (use drop down arrow) the DRAW TABLE button will be enabled
Select a thickness for your border from the box beneath using the drop down arrow
Finally choose a pen colour from the button marked.
Click on the border of a cell and drag along the border of a cell and release. A border will be applied with your selections.
Repeat step around cell or table to apply your border formatting
To apply border
Select the drop down arrow to the right of the border tool button in the PARAGRAPH group and select BORDERS AND SHADING
Click on the BORDERS tab and choose the required border style
Select a thickness or colour for the border
Select an option from the left on where to apply the border.
Or
Use the buttons on the right hand side of dialog to apply different borders top, bottom, left or right
Click OK to apply borders to selected cells
Table Shading
You can apply shading to tables using an option on the TABLE STYLES group on the DESIGN ribbon.
































Select the cell(s), row(s) or column(s) where you want to apply shading or select the whole table if you want to shade the whole table.
Click the drop down arrow to the right of the Shading colour button on the Table Styles group on the Design ribbon to display a list of different colours.
 
Select the cell(s), row(s) or column(s) where you want to apply shading or select the whole table if you want to shade the whole table.
Click the drop down arrow to the right of the Shading colour button on the Table Styles group on the Design ribbon to display a list of different colours.
Click the required colour to apply it to your selection
You can remove shading by selecting the items that are shaded, clicking the Shading Colour button and choosing the No colour option
Table Styles
There are many predefined styles available to enable you to create a consistently formatted table quickly and easily that looks professional.
To Apply a Table Style:
Click anywhere on the table. The Design tab will appear on the Ribbon.
Select the Design tab and locate the Table Styles.
Click the More drop-down arrow to see all of the table styles.
Hover the mouse over the various styles to see a live preview.
Select the desired style. The table style will appear in the document.
To Change the Table Style Options:
Once you've chosen a table style, you can turn various options On or Off to change the appearance of the table. There are six options: Header Row, Total Row, Banded Rows, First Column, Last Column, and Banded Columns.
Click anywhere on the table. The Design tab will appear.
From the Design tab, check or uncheck the desired options in the Table Style Options group.
 
Figure 13 - Table Style Options
Depending on which Table Style you're using, certain Table Style Options may have a somewhat different effect. You may need to experiment to get the exact look you want.
Merging and Splitting
When you have inserted your table there may be times in a number of cells that you would want them as one cell and not several and similarly you may wish for one cell to be split into several. In 2010 this feature is easy to do. Not only can you split cells but you can split a whole table into multiple tables if the need arises
 

To split cells


Select the cell(s) you wish to split


Go to the Merge group on the Layout Ribbon and click the Split Cells button.


To merge cells


Select the cells you wish to merge.


Go to the Merge group on the Layout Ribbon and click the Merge Cells button.


To split Table


Click in the row that you wish to be the first row of the split table


Go to the Merge group on the Layout Ribbon and click the Split Table button


The table will split above the row your cursor is in


 


Repeating Table Headings


When a table spreads across more than one page, it can be useful to automatically repeat the first row(s) of the table on each page as the first row(s) will often contain headings that apply to the columns of the table. If you choose to repeat table headings, the rows you have chosen will automatically be inserted at the top of each new page the table spreads onto. To edit the heading rows or make formatting changes, you must go back to the top of the table as it is simply an image of the first row(s) on the other table pages.


To repeat table headings:


Select the rows that you want to repeat at the top of each page the table prints on.


Go to the Data Group on the Layout ribbon and click the Repeat Header Rows button


You will only see the repeating headings when you are in Print Layout or Print preview


Converting Existing Text to a Table


How to Convert Existing Text to a Table:


Select the text you wish to convert


Select the Insert tab


Click the Table command


Select Convert Text to Table from the menu


Choose one of the options in the Separate text at: section. This is how Word knows what text to put in each column